The khapra beetle is reportedly one of the worlds most destructive insect pests of stored grains, cereals, and seeds. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, which originated in south asia, is one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. Khapra beetle is considered to be one of the worlds most destructive pests of stored food products. It is considered to be a serious pest of stored wheat grains. We are adopting as a final rule, with changes, an interim rule that amended the khapra beetle regulations by adding additional regulated articles and regulated countries, updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices and country names that have changed since the regulations. Dermestidae, when fumigated with three plant oils of the gens achillea. Infestations are difficult to control because of the insects ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and lowmoisture food, and its.
Feeding performance and life table parameters of khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. The khapra beetle is under strict quarantine from the united states. Head is small bearing sharp, mandibulate mouth parts and short, capitate antennae. Wood packaging material wpm, typically used for transport, is a high risk source of pests of trees. It is able to survive almost anywhere in storage facilities that are protected from cold environments. Dermestidae on various barley cultivars volume 107 issue 5 a.
One of the worlds most destructive insects seized at. Khapra beetle national invasive species information. The lifespan of adult khapra beetle is usually between five and ten days. National khapra beetle survey, taxonomic, and specimen. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, is a voracious feeder of stored products and is considered one of the most important quarantine pests globally. Agriculture department calls it one of the worlds most destructive pests, feasting on grain and seeds. It is a member of the dermestid family and is a voracious feeder of grain products. Chemical composition and fumigation toxicity of laurus. Usda, agriculture is the largest industry and employment. The khapra beetle is a destructive pest of stored grain and other dried plantas well as animalproducts. The larvae are 56 mm in length and covered in spearheaded hairs. Cigarette beetle lasioderma serricorne confused flour beetle tribolium confusum depressed flour beetle.
Geographic distribution of khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, by location as recorded in six publications. These documents differ based on whether they focus on commodity, country of. These beetles can be detected by examining cracks and crevices and inspecting paneling on walls and under timbers, tanks or shelves. The latest literature reveals that the pest is present in more than 35 countries of the world 12. Research work revealed that stored grain pests pose serious threats to stored food commodities and cause economic losses. The number of larval instars was examined and studied by direct counting of larval moults under the highpower microscope. Khapra beetle is known to occur are prohibited from entering the united states.
Pests like the asian longhorned beetle and the emerald. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page the family dermestidae contains a. Its discovery in california in 1953 led to a massive control and. When larvae move from one stage to the next, they shed their skin cuticle and the old hairs. Other common names include larder beetle, hide or leather beetles, carpet beetles, and khapra beetles. Usdaaphis inspects cargo ships and cargo from khapra beetle infested areas and warehouses containing cargo from those areas. Host commodity 142 atlas0spir09 104 french2005 38 ceris2004 33 pasek 1998 37 strong1959 38 lindgren55 27. Khapra beetle and warehouse beetle kbwb registered trademark and tm trademark of trece inc. Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the khapra beetle 7 stage by daily observation. Trogoderma granarium everts, the khapra beetle, is one of the most destructive stored product pests of stored commodities and processed goods throughout the world 1. Infested grain also becomes contaminated with beetles, cast skins and hairs from larvae, which can be a health risk and are difficult to remove from grain storage structures and transport vessels. Its ability to survive for long periods under extreme conditions facilitates its spread through international commerce, which has led to invasions of new geographic regions.
Damage to the commodities can be a warning sign, but often it is a result of the feeding of other common stored products pests. Location eppo2016 australia2016 myers2012 spires2009 french2005 banks1977. Fumigation with mbr at 80gm3 for 48 hours at 21 degree celcius. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the usda program discrimination complaint form, ad3027, found. Life cycle mated females live 47 days, while unmated females live from 2030 days. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium considered one of the most destructive pests that has great economic importance because of starvation capability for three years and has best survival rate at low humidity. One of the worlds most destructive pests crossed the. The beetle prefers hot, dry conditions and can be found in areas where grain and other potential food is stored, such as pantries, malt houses, grain and fodder processing plants, and stores of used grain sacks or crates.
Feeding performance and life table parameters of khapra. The beetle prefers hot, dry conditions and may be found in grain and food stores, in malthouses, seed processing plants. Geographic distribution of khapra beetle, trogoderma. The pest risk assessment of the khapra beetle conducted by the united states department of agriculture, animal and plant health inspection service, plant protection and quarantine usda, aphis, ppq, addresses the likelihood of the beetle becoming established in the united states, the economic consequences of khapra beetle infestation in the us. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts edis university of. In the current study, probit and logistic models were employed to fit experimental mortality data of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. The damage to the grain is caused by the larvae while the adults are harmless and do not feed. Trogoderma granarium, the khapra beetle, is a small beetle 23 mm in size, oval in shape, brown to brownishblack in color with the body densely clothed in yellowish hairs. Ten newly emerged adults irrespective of sex were kept separately in a. Khapra beetle and associated host material are regulated by the usda under. Khapra beetle pest and diseases image library, officials at detroit metro airport were able to dispose of invasive beetles that were found in a womans bag of seeds.
The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is one of the worlds most feared storedproduct pests. Khapra beetle at center for environmental and regulatory information. Customs and border protection detroit federal agents in michigan discovered an invasive beetle when a. Chemical composition and fumigation toxicity of laurus nobilis l. Dermestidae are a family of coleoptera that are commonly referred to as skin beetles. The insect is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in diapause for years. It is a particularly difficult insect to control with insecticides. The head emends into a long slender snout with a pair of stow. Khapra beetle feeds on grains and seeds as well as processed vegetable and animal products including spices, herbs, nuts, dried fruits and dried animal skins. Trogoderma granarium, the khapra beetle zoology for ias. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts insecta.
Officials nab seeds infested with invasive khapra beetles. Broad spectrum beetle attractant in standard dome and quickchange dome kairomone common name scientific name american black flour beetle tribolium audax american spider beetle mezium americanum antlike flower beetle anthicus spp. Pdf concern has been expressed that stored grain pests especially the khapra beetle has posed serious threat to global food security and. North american approach to prevent entry, establishment.
The khapra beetle, considered to be one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds, probably originated from regions now including india and bangladesh, but has since spread to other areas including northern and eastern africa, southern europe and the mediterranean region, the mideast, and east into asia. Origin trogoderma granarium is native to an area extending from burma to west africa. Usa this shipment has been inspected and found free of khapra beetle trogoderma granarium treatment. Media in category trogoderma granarium the following 5 files are in this category, out of 5 total. It is a voracious feeder of grain products, can tolerate colder climates and is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in a diapausal state for up to six years. It can infest a wide variety of products 1,2 and larvae can enter diapause and remain in. Noncommercial quantities are defi ned as amounts for personal use and not for resale, including those transported in international passenger baggage, by mail, or by courier. Hosts of khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, by number of. The khapra beetle s size and other characteristics.
Identify issues complicated by current trade practices and seek potential solutions. Feasibility of harmonizing our approach with khapra beetle. It also, attack rice, oat, maize, jaw, pulses, oil seeds and their products, malting, copra, dry fruits etc. Its discovery in california in 1953 led to a massive control and eradication effort which extended until 1966 and. To file a complaint of discrimination, write to usda, director, office of civil rights, 1400. Trogoderma granarium everts, 1898 vernacular names. The khapra beetle was found last summer among documents when a canadian resident entered the u. Confirmed khapra beetle interceptions in 2011, 2012, and 20 totaled nearly 200 each year, indicating the effectiveness of the training program. In conclusion, this study suggests that the acetonic extract of l. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page.
Stored grain insect reference september 2016 page 6 granary weevil the granary weevil, sitophilus granarius linnaeus,1 is a small, moderately polished, blackish or chestnutbrown beetle fig. Electronic data information source publicaton eeny372 in667. It can cause losses of up to 75% from direct feeding. Pdf khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. The khapra beetle is the only insect that cbp takes regulatory action against. There are many similarlooking native trogoderma species in australia which make it difficult to identify if the pest were to establish in australia, it could have detrimental impacts on. In fact, it has been described as one of the 100 worst invasive species worldwide lowe et al.
Dermestidae is a serious pest of stored grains and stored products. Biological control is effective against khapra beetle because naturel enemies only feed their host rather putting any damage to stored commodities. South asia, are a severe pest of grains, and considered to be one of the top inva sive, species in the. It is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. Threatspecific contingency plan plant health australia. Identify common mitigation approaches in countries where khapra is established.
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